Aviation physiology
- Vision in flight
- Vision is the result of the light striking the retina after entering through the cornea and passes through the lens
- The retina contains many photosensitive cells called cones and rods, which are connected to the optic nerve
- Cones
- Concentrated in the center of the retina
- Function well in bright light and are sensitive to color
- Rods
- Function well in the dark
- Responsible for much of your peripheral vision
- 30 minutes for rods to adapt to the dark
- Avoid lighted areas before your flight
- Night vision
- 30 minutes for rods to adapt to the dark
- Avoid lighted areas before your flight
- The concentration of cones concentrated in the fovea can create a blind spot at night in the center of your vision
- Use your peripheral vision at night
- Don't concentrate on an image while flying at night, it may start to fade
- Visual illusions
- Autokinesis
- If you stare at a light for too long it may appear to be moving
- False horizon
- The actual horizon may be obscured, and clouds and terrain may form a false horizon
- Landing illusions
- Tendency to fly a lower-than-normal approach at night
- Narrow runway
- Looks like you're higher than you actually are
- Wide runway
- Looks like you're lower than you actually are
- Downslope runway
- Looks like you are lower
- Upslope runway
- Looks like you're higher
- Night myopia
- Nothing to focus on
- Flicker vertigo
- Disorientation
- Human vestibular system
- Motion sensing system in the ears
- Sense of balance and orientation
- Bodies attitude indicator
- Small hairs surrounded by gelatinous liquid
- Hairs move instantly, but liquid lags behind due to inertia
- Not able to detect motion less than 2 - 3 degrees per second
- Can lead to spatial disorientation
- Spatial disorientation
- Not knowing your attitude
- Information conflict between your senses
- Vestibular sense works good with visual visual sense
- Motion sickness
- Conflict between visual sense and other sense
- Symptoms
- Discomfort
- Nausea
- Paleness
- Hypoxia
- Definition
- Lack of Oxygen in the body tissues due to decreased quantity and molecular concentration
- Four types
- Hypoxic - lungs
- Drop in oxygen pressure (altitude)
- Oxygen requirements FAR 91.211
- Hypemic - blood
- Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen (CO)
- Stagnant - heart
- Inability of the blood to reach tissue/organs(circulation/g-force)
- Histotoxic - external
- Inability of the tissue/organs to obtain oxygen (alcohol/drugs)
- Symptoms
- Impaired judgement
- Light headed
- Headache
- Blue fingernails/lips
- Reduced vision
- Corrective action:
- Oxygen
- Don’t smoke
- Stay healthy
- Lower altitude
- Hyperventilation
- Not enough carbon dioxide in the blood
- Over breathing reduces CO2 level in the blood
- Causes
- Anxiety or stress
- Symptoms
- Similar to hypoxia
- Correction
- Control breathing
Aeronautical decision making - (ground lesson one again)
- Applying the decision-making process
- You must make sure it is safe to fly during the whole flight
- Avoid poor judgment chains
- Aeronautical decision making models
- DECIDE model
Detect
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Changes in the condition of flight
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Estimate
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The need for correction action
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Choose
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Desired outcome of corrective action
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Identify
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Corrective action needed for the situation
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Do
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The necessary action
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Evaluate
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The effect of the action
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- PPP model
Perceive → given set of circumstances
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Process → by evaluating their inspection on flight safety
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Perform → implementing the best course of action
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- Risk assessment - (next lesson)
- PAVE model
- Pilot
- Aircraft
- EnVironment
- External pressure
- Pilot-in-command responsibility
- FAR 91.3
- IMSAFE
- Illness
- Medication
- Stress
- Alcohol
- Fatigue
- Eat
- Hazardous flight attitudes
- Communication
- Work on effective listening
- If unclear, request clarification
- Think before you transmit
- Read back clearances/ runway numbers, traffic
- Workload management
- Stay ahead of the aircraft
- Doing as much as possible in advance will reduce stress during high workload situations
- Prioritize
- ANC → aviate, navigate, communicate
- Situational awareness
- Know your position
- Know positions of other aircraft's
- Know the terrain
- Pay attention to ATC
- Keep track of weather and wind
- Know your aircraft
- Keep an eye out for other factors that can affect your flight
- Resource use
- Be familiar with the aircraft equipment
- Use any available resource provided in the aircraft
- Applying human factors training
- Read private pilot handbook 10-39
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