Holding procedures
- Reasons for a hold
- Spacing
- Bad weather
- Missed approach procedure
- Leads you to the fix where you hold until further instructions
- If you can't land for some reason
- Losing glideslope or localizer (full deflection)
- Can't see airport at minimums
- Points of a hold
- The fix
- NBD, VOR, etc
- Hold always begins at the fix
- Inbound radial
- The leg is always flown towards the fix
- Fix end
- The turn from fix to outbound leg
- Outbound leg
- Starts abeam the fix
- The turn from outbound leg to inbound leg is called outbound end
- Holding procedure
- Standard patterns → right turns
- Draw a line 70º into the hold
- 3 different suggested entries
- Direct entry
- Teardrop entry → turn 30º into the hold
- Parallel entry → fly outbound for 1 min then turn into the hold and re-intercept
- Fly each leg for 1 minute
- Adjust outbound leg so that inbound leg is 1 minute
Cross wind correction
- Use 3x the inbound correction on the outbound
- Max holding speeds
- 200 IAS at 6000 MSL and below
- 230 IAS at 6001 MSL to 14000 MSL
- 265 IAS above 14000 MSL
- ATC holding instructions
- Usually be issued 5 min before the hold
- If there is a chartered hold ATC might say “hold as published” otherwise
- Direction from the fix
- Name of the fix
- Course (from radial)
- Leg length
- Direction of turn
- EFC time
- Maintain altitude unless instructed otherwise
- Fly right turns unless left turns are assigned
- Always report time and altitude when reading holding fix
- “Pdx approach, 4097L, Newberg VOR at 5000, 2300 holding south”
- EFC time- expect further clearance
- Don't accept a hold without an EFC time
- Efc time allows you to leave the holding fix at a specific time if you lose communication
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